A flexible optically transparent fiber, usually made of glass or plastic, through which light can be transmitted by successive internal reflections.

The field of technology that combines the physics of light with electricity. Optoelectronics encompasses the study, design and manufacture of devices that source, detect and control light converting electrical signals into photon signals and vice versa.

The path of an electron around the nucleus of an atom.

The branch of Chemistry devoted to the study of carbon element (symbol C), its compounds and their properties. The name organic came from the word organism as prior to 1828, all organic compounds had been obtained from organisms or their remains. There are over six million organic compounds characterized, including the foods we eat, furs and feathers, and the organisms they came from but also plastics, dyes and drugs, insecticides, petroleum products etc. Organic chemistry presents the biggest impact on daily life both because of the variety of practical applications and the possibility of better understanding life around us.

Chemical synthesis dealing with the synthesis of organic compounds via organic reactions.

The third most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earth’s crust. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.9% of the volume of air.

Ozone (O3) is a form of oxygen. It is a colourless gas that has a very pungent odour. It exists naturally at low concentrations in the stratosphere where it absorbs ultraviolet radiation. In the troposphere it exists naturally at extremely low concentrations. These concentrations increase when sunlight acts on various gases, coming mainly from vehicle exhausts, and ozone then becomes a pollutant in the troposphere. Ozone is a highly corrosive gas and is poisonous to most organisms. At concentrations as low as 0.00001 per cent (or 10 parts per hundred million), it can irritate the membranes lining the nose, throat and airways and can trigger or exacerbate asthma attacks.